Querying data

A simple query might return a sub-set of the data held within the database. In English there are multiple ways of posing a question, whereas in SQL you need to be specific about the language you use and the precise columns, tables, schemas and databases you are referring to. Fortunately, pgAdmin provides some tools to help construct these queries.So if you wanted to To generate a list of names of all the Parishes and their areas in hectares within the county of Surrey, the SQL query needed might look like this:

Note keywords or statements like SELECT, FROM and WHERE are not case case sensitive (SELECT = select = SeLecT), but by convention we use uppercase for all SQL keywords in order to make queries easier to read. Queries can be composed as a single line, or spread over a number of lines to ease reading. A semicolon ( ; ) is used to signal to PostgreSQL the end of an SQL statement.

Single Quotes quotes contain string values e.g. name = ‘Epsom’. Only use these with string data types such as text and character varying.

String values are case sensitive so SELECT * FROM general settlement WHERE name like 'Epsom'; and SELECT * FROM general settlement WHERE name like 'ePsOm'; will produce different results. If the string itself includes a quote, replace the single quotes with $$, e.g. name = $$St. David’s$$David's$$

Double quote quotes must enclose database object names that:

• include a space

• use upper case characters

• use ‘special’ characters like punctuation

• are a reserved SQL word

Familiarity with pgAdmin

SELECT

The most basic form of the SELECT statement retrieves data from a single table

. The syntax is as follows

SELECT [select_list]
FROM [table_name];

[select_list] can be a single column

or a list of columns

, where a comma is used to separate the individual columns.

To return all columns of the table

, use an asterisk ( * ) in place of [select_list]. The [select_list] may also contain an expressions or literal values.

The FROM clause

specifies the name of the table from which you want to

select data

The SELECT statement can be used to form incredibly flexible queries extended by including additional clauses:

• Select distinct rows using DISTINCT operator.

• Sort rows using ORDER BY clause.

• Filter rows using WHERE clause.

• Select a subset of rows from a table using LIMIT or FETCH clause.

• Group rows into groups using GROUP BY clause.

• Filter groups using HAVING clause.

• Join with other tables using joins such as INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, FULL OUTER JOIN, CROSS JOIN clauses.

• Perform set operations using UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT.

Retrieve data from a table

SELECT DISTINCT

The DISTINCT clause is used in a SELECT statement to remove duplicate values. It can be applied to one or more columns in the [select_list]. The DISTINCT clause is often used with the COUNT() function in order to determine the quantity of records of a particular type

• [select_list] can be a single column, or a list of columns from the table

• COUNT() function can be used to determine number of records

• The keyword AS can be used to set a column alias which is more meaningful to the reader

Exercise - use of SELECT DISTINCT

a table.

Retrieve unique values from a table

Use the AS keyword to give the column a sensible name, note you made need to put this in double quotes if you are including spaces of special characters

Sorting results

The ORDER BY clause allows you to sort rows returned by a SELECT clause in ascending or descending order using ASC or DESC options. It is possible to sort based on multiple columns by separating expressions with a comma ( , ).

The syntax employed follows this format;

Exercise - ORDER BY

Sort data

WHERE

The syntax of the WHERE clause can be used to return records that satisfy a specified condition. The condition must evaluate as true or false with only records where condition is true to be included within the result set. The following comparison and logical operators may be used to form the condition. Logical operators can be used to combine additional WHERE clauses.

Exercise - WHERE

Identify records that meet conditions

LIMIT

LIMIT is an option clause of the SELECT statement that constrains the number of rows returned by the query. This is useful as it provides a sample of the data and with large data sets generally executes quicker than without the clause.

You can optionally use the ORDER BY clause to return the first or last records in a series e.g. the largest or smallest values.

Optionally you can also use the OFFSET clause to start from the nth record.

SQL in QGIS

pgAdmin has a query window to use for interaction with the database with user-defined SQL. You can access it through the Tools menu or the right click menu.