2. Vector Data in QGIS

2.1. Introduction

QGIS can open around 54 different file-based data formats (using the OGR library), including ESRI shapefile and MapInfo TAB, and can save around 23 of these. It can also connect to four spatial database sources natively (PostgreSQL, SpatiaLite, Oracle, MSSQL), with others available using ODBC, and to Web Feature Service (WFS) and Point Cloud data among other formats.

The default file format used by QGIS when creating data OGC GeoPackage, a file-based database. For databases the default connection is to PostgreSQL/PostGIS.

Most QGIS functionality is available for all vector data sources, though some formats can only be used in read-only mode and need to be saved to another format for editing.

2.2. File-Based Vector Data

GeoPackage

GeoPackage is relatively new - it was first published as an OGC standard in 2014. It has a .gpkg file extension, and although it can be used for single layers, it is implemented using the SQLite database standard, so can hold multiple layers in a single file as well. It is supported by current versions of most desktop GIS packages, and although it has not been widely used until now, it should be set to take over from shapefile as the default file-based storage and interchange format across applications and platforms. It will hold raster as well as vector data.

To load a GeoPackage layer:

1. Click Open Data Source Manager 

2. Browse to the .gpkg file you want to open (this will be in .../Data/Vector under root directory for the course)

3. Double-click or drag and drop to open the layer in QGIS

ESRI Shapefile

Shapefile is a widely-used format, developed by ESRI (used in for example ArcGIS), and is used on many download sites. Shapefiles comprise four or more individual files on disk - all must be available for the file to open.

To filter directory listings to shapefile (or any file vector format):

1. Click Open Data Source Manager

2. Click the Vector tab on the left of the dialog
   

   

3. Click the three dots (...) to the right of the Vector Dataset(s) field, then use the dropdown to the right of the File name: field to filter to ESRI Shapefiles (*.shp)

4. The list of files will be filtered to .shp only

MapInfo

QGIS can open both MIF and TAB files - these will appear in the browser with other file-based data. Note that MapInfo files can contain multiple geometry types, so QGIS may present a dialog with a choice of geometry types - i.e. line, polygon, point - to load. You can filter to MapInfo files in the same way as described for shapefiles above.

Other

The process above can be used to load most vector data from file, including for example GML and GeoJSON. QGIS can also open ESRI GeoDatabases, though these will be read-only.

2.3. Spreadsheet Data

QGIS will open an Excel file as vector data, and for the most part correctly recognise data types (for example string, integer and so on). If the data includes coordinates, creating a geometry column which QGIS can use to represent the data spatially requires an extra step, described under Excel below. Alternatively, use the Spreadsheet Layers plugin, or load the data as CSV using the Delimited Text option in the Data Source Manager described in Delimited Text Data below.

Excel

To load data from Excel:

1. Click Open Data Source Manager

2. Click Vector and browse to the Excel file

3. Click Add to add the layer to QGIS

4. Select the worksheet(s) to add

At this stage, the layer will show in the Layers panel as a table (for example ), but it won't appear on the map. If the data doesn't contain coordinates, this may be what you want. However if the data represents points, and you have an x and y column, you will need to add a geometry column to the data so that QGIS can add it to the map.

1. In the search bar, search for  the Create Points from Table process

2. Open the process, and complete the dialogue, making sure to set the X and Y fields correctly, and to use the CRS that the coordinate data is in
   

   

   
   

3. Click Run

4. The layer will appear in the Layers panel as Points from table, and the points will appear on the map

Delimited Text Data (e.g. CSV)

If you need more control over the process of loading spreadsheet data, or if it's already held in delimited text such as CSV, you can use the Add delimited text layer tool.

1. Click Open Data Source Manager

2. Select the Delimited Text tab to bring up the Delimited Text dialog

3. Adjust the settings shown below if necessary - note that in this instance, only the Geometry CRS setting was changed from the default - QGIS derived all other settings from the data
   

   

   
   

4. Click Add to add the layer to the map

If the data has no coordinate data, and is just going to be used in QGIS as a table, check the Geometry definition > No geometry option in the dialog above. This is useful, for example, if there is a layer that needs to be joined.

If the file has a column containing Well Known Text (WKT) data (e.g. "SRID=27700;POINT(507417 163699)" ) instead of coordinates, check the Geometry definition > Well known text option.

2.4. Database Layers

Loading database vector layers follows a slightly different process to loading a file-based layer, as you first need to establish a database connection. The process is similar for all databases, but in this example we will use data in a PostGreSQL database.

To load data from a PostGreSQL database:

1. Click Open Data Source Manager

2. Click the PostgreSQL tab

3. If you haven't connected to the database before, click New to create a new database connection
   

   

4. Complete the dialog:

   1. Name: your name for the connection

   2. Host: the name or IP address of the server the database is running on

   3. Port: the port the database is running on - by default in PostGreSQL this is 5432, but it could be different

   4. Database: the name of the database you want to connect to

5. Under Authentication, click the Add button to add your credentials

   1. The first time you do this, you will be prompted for a Master password - make sure this is something you can safely store or remember, as it cannot be retrieved later

   2. Once you have done this, you will be able to set the credentials for this connection:
      
      

   3. Click Save to save these credentials, then click Test Connection to make sure the connection is OK

   4. If all is well, click OK, then click Connect to establish the connection with the database
      
      

   5. Expand the database schemas, and select a table and click Add to add it to the map

   6. Check Also list tables with no geometry to view non-spatial data tables

Once the data is loaded in the Layers panel, it will behave in the same way as file-based vector layers. You only need to set up the connection once - after that, you can connect to the database from the PostGreSQL table in the Data Source Manager, or from the Browser tab.

2.5. Web Feature Service (WFS) Layers

Data available in OGC Web Feature Service (WFS) format can be loaded in QGIS and used in a similar way to any other vector layer. However as the data is online, an Internet connection is required, although once the connection has been made it can be saved locally. WFS data is supplied as GML, and features can be selected, styled and queried in the same way as any other vector data. 

Create a new saved WFS Connection 

The first time you use a WFS source, you will need to create a connection:

1. Click Open Data Source Manager, then the WFS tab

2. Click New, then in the Create a New WFS Connection dialog, add the connection details.
   
   

   1. Name: your name for the connection

   2. URL: the URL of the WFS, for example http://essex.astuntechnology.com/getows.ashx?mapsource=Essex/Inspire_Colchester&TypeName=allotment&version=1.1.0&request=GetFeature&service=WFS

   3. Authentication: complete as required

3. Click OK.

Connect to the WFS 

1. Select the saved WFS

2. Click Connect to show the layers available in the WFS
   
   

3. Select the layer(s) required - you can select multiple layers

4. Click Add to load the layer(s) into the map

5. Note that with large datasets, it can take some time for the layers to load

Once WFS layers are loaded, they can be managed in the same way as other vector layers.

Transactional Web Feature Service (WFS-T) layers, which are editable, are also supported in QGIS.

2.6. Navigating Vector Layers

There are different approaches to navigating around the layers you have loaded, for example using toolbars, mouse actions and menus - some of the key ones are listed here.

The buttons in the Map Navigation Toolbar will also get you around the map, and change the action of your mouse and cursor - these will help you identify the data and views you need.

View Layer Extents

When a layer has been added to the Layers panel, the features will be visible in the map frame on the right. To see the whole layer in the frame:

1. Click on the layer to select it

2. Right-click > Zoom to Layer (or click the icon on the toolbar)

Attribute Table

You can browse the attribute data for each layer by right-clicking on the layer and selecting Open Attribute Table, (or click the  icon in the toolbar). 

Manage the Layer List

Normally, layers at the top of the list in the Layers panel appear on the map in front of layers further down the list. You can change the order of layers in the list by dragging and dropping layers to a new position.

Group Layers 

Layers can be grouped to create a hierarchical layer list, or table of contents.

1. Click the Add Group button at the top of the Layers panel 

2. Right-click and Rename the new group

3. Drag and drop layers into the group 

Remove Layers

To remove a layer from the list, select the layer, then Right-click > Remove. This does not delete the data, just removes it from the map. However you will lose any styling or queries you have applied to the layer.

2.7. Joining Layers

If you want to use data in your map which has no spatial references, you will need to join this to a corresponding spatial dataset. For example, you might have population data for census areas, and a polygon layer of the census areas themselves, and you want to join the two in order to show the population figures for each areas as a label.

1. Add the non-spatial data table, and the spatial layer you are joining it to, as described earlier

2. The new table will appear in the Layers panel, but not on the map

3. Double-click the spatial layer to bring up the Properties dialog, and select the Joins tab

4. Click the Add button bottom left to add a join

5. In the Add Vector Join dialog, use the dropdowns to specify:

   1. Join layer: the layer you want to join to the current one

   2. Join field: the field in the target layer (the one you are joining to) that is going to be used for the join (this might be ID, for example, or name, or in the case below, neighbourhood)

   3. Target field: the field in the current layer (the spatial one) which is going to be used for the join - this must contain the same data as the join field
      

6. Click OK and OK again, then check the attribute table of the spatial layer - it will have an expanded number of columns to include the data from the non-spatial table

2.8. Exporting Vector Data

To export a layer or part of a layer:

1. Right-click > Export > Save Features as from the layer
   
   

2. In the dialog, you can simply save the file as a different name - however you can also use other options:

   1. Format: save the data in a different vector format

   2. File name: browse to the location where you want the file to be saved, and give it a name

   3. Layer name: for a GeoPackage, by default this will be the same as the file name, but you can change it (GeoPackages can contain many layers)

   4. Save only selected features: save a subset of the features

   5. CRS: reproject the data on save to a different CRS

   6. Select fields to export: save a subset of fields from the attribute table

   7. Extent: save only features visible in the current extent